 3D printing |
Template:For Template:History of printing 3D printing is a unique form of printing that is related to traditional rapid prototyping technology. A three dimensional object is created by layering and connecting successive cross sections of material. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies. While prototyping dominates current uses, 3D printing offers tremendous potential for retail consumer uses. [1] TechnologiesPrevious means of producing a prototype typically took man-hours, many tools, and skilled labor. For example, after a new street light luminaire was digitally designed, drawings were sent to skilled craftsmen where the design on paper was painstakingly followed and a three-dimensional prototype was produced in wood by utilizing an entire shop full of expensive wood working machinery and tools. This typically was not a speedy process and costs of the skilled labor were not cheap. Hence the need to develop a faster and cheaper process to produce prototypes. As an answer to this need, rapid prototyping was born. One variation of 3D printing consists of an inkjet printing system. Layers of a fine powder (plaster, corn starch, or resins) are selectively bonded by "printing" an adhesive from the inkjet printhead in the shape of each cross-section as determined by a CAD file. This technology is the only one that allows for the printing of full color prototypes. It is also recognized as the fastest method. Alternately, these machines feed liquids, such as photopolymer, through an inkjet-type printhead to form each layer of the model. These Photopolymer Phase machines use an ultraviolet (UV) flood lamp mounted in the print head to cure each layer as it is deposited. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a technology also used in traditional rapid prototyping, uses a nozzle to deposit molten polymer onto a support structure, layer by layer. Another approach is selective fusing of print media in a granular bed. In this variation, the unfused media serves to support overhangs and thin walls in the part being produced, reducing the need for auxiliary temporary supports for the workpiece. Finally, ultrasmall features may be made by the 3D microfabrication technique of 2-photon photopolymerization. In this approach, the desired 3D object is traced out in a block of gel by a focused laser. The gel is cured to a solid only in the places where the laser was focused, due to the nonlinear nature of photoexcitation, and then the remaining gel is washed away. Feature sizes of under 100 nm are easily produced, as well as complex structures such as moving and interlocked parts.[2] Each technology has its advantages and drawbacks, and consequently some companies offer a choice between powder and polymer as the material from which the object emerges. [3]. Generally, the main considerations are speed, cost of the printed prototype, cost of the 3D printer, choice of materials, color capabilities, etc.[4] Unlike "traditional" additive systems such as stereolithography, 3D printing is optimized for speed, low cost, and ease-of-use, making it suitable for visualizing during the conceptual stages of engineering design when dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength of prototypes are less important. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereolithography are required, and minimal post printing finish work is needed. One need only brush off surrounding powder after the printing process. Bonded powder prints can be further strengthened by wax or thermoset polymer impregnation. FDM parts can be strengthened by wicking another metal into the part. ResolutionResolution is given in layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi. Typical layer thickness is around 100 micrometres (0.1 mm), while X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 micrometres (0.05-0.1 mm) in diameter. ApplicationsImage:3D scanning and printing.jpg Standard applications include design visualization, prototyping/CAD, metal casting, architecture, education, geospatial, healthcare, entertainment/retail, etc. Other applications would include reconstructing fossils in paleontology, replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology, reconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology and reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime scene investigations. More recently, the use of 3D printing technology for artistic expression has been suggested.[5] Artists like Bathsheba Grossman or Carlo H. Sequin use various rapid prototyping processes in many of their works.[6][7] 3D printing technology is currently being studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications where organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. Layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium and slowly built up to form three dimensional structures. Several terms have been used to refer to this field of research: Organ printing, bio-printing, and computer-aided tissue engineering among others.[8] The use of 3D scanning technologies allow the replication of real objects without the use of molding techniques, that in many cases can be more expensive, more difficult, or too invasive to be performed; particularly with precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts. RepRap open source 3d printerHere is the complete setlist for Guitar Hero III, which will also include all downloadable content (when released).
Single Player Setlist1. Starting Out Small
2. Your First Real Gig
3. Making The Video
4. European Invasion
5. Bighouse Blues
6. The Hottest Band On Earth
7. Live in Japan
8. Battle For Your Soul
Co-Op Setlist1. Getting a Band Together
2. We Just Wanna Be Famous
3. Overnight Success
4. Getting the Band Back Together
5. Jailhouse Rock
6. Battle for Your Souls...
Bonus Tracks
Downloadable ContentSinglesHalo Theme MJOLNIR Mix - Released November 22, 2007 on XBL. Ernten Was Wir Säen - Released December 20, 2007 on XBL & January 3, 2008 on PSN. So Payso - Released December 20, 2007 on XBL & January 3, 2008 on PSN.
Antisocial - Released December 20, 2007 on XBL and January 3, 2008 on PSN.
We Three Kings - Released December 20, 2007 on XBL & PSN. Dream On - Released Febuary 18, 2008 on XBL & PSN. I am Murloc - Released June 26, 2008 on XBL and PSN.
Track PacksCompanion Pack - Released October 31, 2007 on XBL. Foo Fighters Pack - Released November 8, 2007 on XBL & PSN. Velvet Revolver Pack - Released November 8, 2007 on XBL & PSN. Boss Battle Pack - Released November 15, 2007 on XBL and November 29, 2007 on PSN. Warner/Reprise Track Pack - Released December 20, 2007 on XBL and January 3, 2007 on PSN. Classic Rock Track Pack - Released January 24, 2008 on XBL and PSN.
No Doubt Track Pack - Released Febuary 28, 2008 on XBL and PSN. Modern Metal Track Pack - Released March 6, 2008 on XBL & PSN. Dropkick Murphys Track Pack - Released March 13, 2008 on XBL & PSN. Def Leppard Track Pack - Released April 24, 2008 on XBL & PSN.
Guitar Virtuoso Pack - Released July 24, 2008 on XBL & PSN. DragonForce Track Pack - Released August 21, 2008 on XBL & PSN RepRap is a project released under the GNU-license that can print plastic parts. Research is underway that will let it print circuit boards as well as details in metal. The creator said about the printer that "We want to make sure that everything is open, not just the design and the software you control it with, but the entire tool-chain, from the ground up." [9] ReferencesSee also
External linksTemplate:External links Template:Commons cat
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